SO Klyuchnikov
Catastrophic values of integral indicators of the health of the Russian population, according to many reputable scientists, are largely determined by poor diet [Spirichev VB, 1990; Tutelian VA, 1999]. There is no doubt that a condition or factor in the development of a number of diseases, it may be lack of a vital micronutrient.
As a compelling example of this situation can be considered vitamin A (retinol) and provitamin (?-Carotene). Deficiency of this micronutrient in the diet of the majority population of the Earth - a special concern for WHO. The global nature of the deficit is largely determined by the fact that vitamin A total of all manufactured on Earth food is not enough to ensure the physiological needs of the world population [WHO, 1998].
According B.A. Underwood (1994), annual vitamin A deficiency causes a loss of 500 thousand pre-school children, about 100 million children without clinical signs of acute deficiency suffer from a deficiency of this vitamin, which is significant and greater susceptibility to infectious diseases. In Russia today, avitaminosis A is not observed, but the likelihood of its failure - hypovitaminosis is very high, and you will most likely argue that, in conducting appropriate laboratory studies, it would have been detected in any individual. This is easy to verify, comparing, for example, presented in Table 1 data on the content of vitamin A? -Carotene in food (the richest them) with an average daily physiological need of an adult, which is not less than 1000 micrograms of retinol or 6000 mcg? -Carotene [Martinchik AN et al, 1998]. It should be noted that despite the mandatory fortification of mass food retinol and regular use of a large part of the population of nutritional supplements with the vitamin in the United States in per capita consumption of vitamin A, 1000 micrograms per day, subclinical deficiency of this vitamin - is not uncommon [Stewart ML et al., 1985]. Development of vitamin A deficiency is also observed in many diseases, in particular, proved its development in children with various gastrointestinal diseases: gastritis, stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer, biliary dyskinesia, and others [Abdulkerimova HZ, 2000]. The physiological role of vitamin A is determined by its participation in the following processes: visual acuity, cell growth and differentiation, embryogenesis, immune response, etc. Even the slight and moderate forms of vitamin A deficiency may contribute to the development of serious violations of many organs and systems: - skin ( dryness, pyoderma, furunculosis) - respiratory tract (rhinitis, bronchitis, pneumonia) - gastrointestinal tract (dyspepsia, gastritis, colitis) - urinary tract (pyelonephritis, urethritis, cystitis) - vision (day-blindness, conjunctivitis, xerophthalmia ), etc. [Tutelian VA et al., 2002]. From food to an average of 75% vitamin A enters the body in the form of retinol (animal products) and 25% in the form of carotenoids (vegetable products). As part of preventive drugs is preferable to include? -Carotene for the following reasons: -? -Carotene has a toxic effect, characteristic of excess or an overdose of vitamin A, -? -Carotene is one of the most active antioxidants. On the antioxidant function? -Carotene should stay apart, as it is closely linked with the action of other antioxidant vitamins. Key members of non-enzymatic antioxidant defense of the body - vitamins C, E and? -Carotene, which inactivate at different levels of highly toxic forms of oxygen, continuous manner during the normal life of any cell. In the vast majority of diseases of toxic oxygen species increases dramatically. Points of different antioxidants. For example, vitamin E is most active against lipid peroxides, in the termination of chain reactions of oxidation in the membranes. In turn, he is involved in the transformation? -Carotene into vitamin A.
Vitamin C has a particularly high activity toward hydroxyl radicals and free radicals on the surface of lipid membranes. He can restore? -Carotene and vitamin E.? -Carotene, along with the inactivation at different levels of reactive oxygen species, is able to restore the oxidized form of vitamin E, and he himself can be restored with vitamin C. Numerous studies indicate that low? -Carotene can be considered as a risk factor for cancer, in particular, malignant lesions of the lung, stomach, bladder and cervix. It is assumed that the deficit of this substance contribute to the degeneration of non-differentiated primarily epithelial cells [13]. From the standpoint of actively developing the theory of receptor mechanism of action? -Carotene, carried out through its metabolites - vitamin A and retinoic acid, is realized through specific nuclear receptors. Among retinoidnyh receptors include: receptors for steroid hormones, vitamin D3, thyroid hormones, certain prostaglandins, peroxisome proliferation factor. This list, to some extent be explained by some clinical signs observed in Vitamin A deficiency [10]. Vitamin A affects the proliferation and differentiation of cells. Its action is associated with the ability to increase the number of cell subpopulations that began DNA replication. An important feature is the ability to influence the functional state of cutaneous lymphoid tissue, which, according to Y. Afanasyev et al. [Cf. and 2], is involved in the regulation of immune reactivity of the organism as a whole. Shown that? -Carotene and manifests itself as a "true" immunostimulant that enhances the immune potential of the organism regardless of the type of antigens in primary and secondary pilot immunodeficiencies. We describe the dose-dependent antianafilakticheskoe effect when applied topically, antiallergic and anti-inflammatory - if inhaled. Mechanisms of pharmacological effect may be associated with antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in vitro on lymphocytes and inhibition of platelet functional activity [DB Uteshev, 1999]. It is suggested that for? -Carotene, along with immunotropic characteristic antiateroskleroticheskaya activity [Pogabalo AV, 2000]. ? -Carotene is not soluble in water, and its oil solutions have a very low concentration (less than 0,1%). Therefore, assimilation? -Carotene from the tablets and oil solutions essentially depends on the content of fat in the diet and condition of the digestive system. The most effective means to bridge the reserves? -Carotene in the body, including the market of antioxidant systems has long and is considered domestic product Vetoron (and its variant - Vetoron-E).
Products series Vetoron represent water microemulsions? -Carotene (the concentration of 2%), vitamin E and C. Water solubility provides a high degree of assimilation of active substances, and the synergy of antioxidant components - the effectiveness of the protection of cellular structures from the action of reactive oxygen species. Application Vetoron in the complex therapy, rehabilitation and prevention recommended in ophthalmology, dermatology, immunology. Despite the fact that Vetoron not apply to medicines, yet with this complex and diverse conducted clinical trials that convincingly proved the efficiency? -Carotene. Research Vetoron conducted in leading medical research centers (Research Center for Child Health Medical Sciences, Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, OSC them. Blokhin and others). During the ten years of trials and extensive use of the drug in the treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of adults and children were observed any evidence of side effects, adverse interactions with drugs and overdose. In particular, held at the Department of Pediatrics Academy of Postgraduate Education open clinical trial, tolerability and safety of the drug Vetoron if it is applied in 134 children aged 1 to 7 years in organized groups of toxic or any other adverse effects were noted [NA Korovin, et al., 2004]. Use? -Carotene in frequently sick children, along with a dose-dependent clinical effect leads to the immunomodulatory effect, which manifests itself, according to Plaksina VA (1998), in reducing the level of T-lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulin A in the stimulation of functional activity of phagocytic cells of peripheral blood. Polytrauma application? -Carotene and vitamin C allows 2 times reduce the need for antihistamines in children with atopic dermatitis. It warned increasing allergen and total immunoglobulin E, reduced nasal allergen, skin reactivity, observed optimization of lipid peroxidation [Danilicheva IV, 1997]. This thesis Verkovich NV (2000), along with the achievement against the background of the reception Vetoron infants balance in cellular immunity (even in severe forms of atopic dermatitis) tended to reduce the average duration of relapses, and with repeated courses Vetoron - significant decrease in the index SCORAD. Thus, the use Vetoron shown in various diseases and has anti-oxidant, anti-allergic and immuno-stimulating effect, without causing any toxic or other adverse reactions.
Literature
1. Abdulkerimova HZ The provision of vitamins and beta-carotene children with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and its correction, path. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. Science, 2000.
2. Verkovich NV Immunal and Vetoron in the treatment of children during the first three years of life in patients with atopic dermatitis. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. Science. M. 2000.
3. Danilicheva IV Comparative clinical characteristics of specific iimunologicheskaya iimunoterapii pollinosis water-salt allergens from timothy grass pollen in combination with beta-carotene and ascorbic acid. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. nauk.1997
4. Korovin, NA et al. Deficiency of vitamins and trace elements in children: Current approaches to correction. Hand-in for the pediatrician. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2004.
5. Martinchik AN, Baturin AK, N. Zohuri actual consumption of energy and basic food substances in children and adolescents Russia in the mid 90-s / / Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. - 1998. № 3.
6. Plaksin VA Effect of synthetic?-Carotene on the clinical and immunological parameters of sickly children. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. Sciences, Arkhangelsk, 1998.
7. Pogabalo AV, Immunotropic activity of natural carnitine-tokoferolovogo complex. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. Science. M., 2000.
8. Spirichev VB Vitamin availability in the USSR and measures for its improvement. / Health and disease. - Moscow. - 1990. - S. 198-199.
9. Tutelian VA et al. Micronutrients in the diet of healthy and sick person. - M.: Kolos, 2002.
10. Uteshev DB The influence of beta-carotene in some parts of the immune inflammation in the experiment Dissertation. Dis. Doctor. med. Science. Kupavna, 1999.
11. European food and nutrition policies in action / / WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 73. - 1998. - 170 p.
12. Stewart M.L., McDonald J.L., Levy A.S. et al. Vitamin / mineral supplement use: a telephone survey of adults in the United States. Journal of Amer. Diet Association, 1985, 85: 1585-1590.
13. Underwood B.A. Vitamin A in human nutrition: public heals considerations. In Sporn M.B., Roberts A.B., Goodman D.S. (Eds). The retinoids: biology, chemistry, and medicine, 2nd ed, Raven Press, New York, 1994, pp 211-227.
Published with permission from Russian Medical Journal.
Catastrophic values of integral indicators of the health of the Russian population, according to many reputable scientists, are largely determined by poor diet [Spirichev VB, 1990; Tutelian VA, 1999]. There is no doubt that a condition or factor in the development of a number of diseases, it may be lack of a vital micronutrient.
As a compelling example of this situation can be considered vitamin A (retinol) and provitamin (?-Carotene). Deficiency of this micronutrient in the diet of the majority population of the Earth - a special concern for WHO. The global nature of the deficit is largely determined by the fact that vitamin A total of all manufactured on Earth food is not enough to ensure the physiological needs of the world population [WHO, 1998].
According B.A. Underwood (1994), annual vitamin A deficiency causes a loss of 500 thousand pre-school children, about 100 million children without clinical signs of acute deficiency suffer from a deficiency of this vitamin, which is significant and greater susceptibility to infectious diseases. In Russia today, avitaminosis A is not observed, but the likelihood of its failure - hypovitaminosis is very high, and you will most likely argue that, in conducting appropriate laboratory studies, it would have been detected in any individual. This is easy to verify, comparing, for example, presented in Table 1 data on the content of vitamin A? -Carotene in food (the richest them) with an average daily physiological need of an adult, which is not less than 1000 micrograms of retinol or 6000 mcg? -Carotene [Martinchik AN et al, 1998]. It should be noted that despite the mandatory fortification of mass food retinol and regular use of a large part of the population of nutritional supplements with the vitamin in the United States in per capita consumption of vitamin A, 1000 micrograms per day, subclinical deficiency of this vitamin - is not uncommon [Stewart ML et al., 1985]. Development of vitamin A deficiency is also observed in many diseases, in particular, proved its development in children with various gastrointestinal diseases: gastritis, stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer, biliary dyskinesia, and others [Abdulkerimova HZ, 2000]. The physiological role of vitamin A is determined by its participation in the following processes: visual acuity, cell growth and differentiation, embryogenesis, immune response, etc. Even the slight and moderate forms of vitamin A deficiency may contribute to the development of serious violations of many organs and systems: - skin ( dryness, pyoderma, furunculosis) - respiratory tract (rhinitis, bronchitis, pneumonia) - gastrointestinal tract (dyspepsia, gastritis, colitis) - urinary tract (pyelonephritis, urethritis, cystitis) - vision (day-blindness, conjunctivitis, xerophthalmia ), etc. [Tutelian VA et al., 2002]. From food to an average of 75% vitamin A enters the body in the form of retinol (animal products) and 25% in the form of carotenoids (vegetable products). As part of preventive drugs is preferable to include? -Carotene for the following reasons: -? -Carotene has a toxic effect, characteristic of excess or an overdose of vitamin A, -? -Carotene is one of the most active antioxidants. On the antioxidant function? -Carotene should stay apart, as it is closely linked with the action of other antioxidant vitamins. Key members of non-enzymatic antioxidant defense of the body - vitamins C, E and? -Carotene, which inactivate at different levels of highly toxic forms of oxygen, continuous manner during the normal life of any cell. In the vast majority of diseases of toxic oxygen species increases dramatically. Points of different antioxidants. For example, vitamin E is most active against lipid peroxides, in the termination of chain reactions of oxidation in the membranes. In turn, he is involved in the transformation? -Carotene into vitamin A.
Vitamin C has a particularly high activity toward hydroxyl radicals and free radicals on the surface of lipid membranes. He can restore? -Carotene and vitamin E.? -Carotene, along with the inactivation at different levels of reactive oxygen species, is able to restore the oxidized form of vitamin E, and he himself can be restored with vitamin C. Numerous studies indicate that low? -Carotene can be considered as a risk factor for cancer, in particular, malignant lesions of the lung, stomach, bladder and cervix. It is assumed that the deficit of this substance contribute to the degeneration of non-differentiated primarily epithelial cells [13]. From the standpoint of actively developing the theory of receptor mechanism of action? -Carotene, carried out through its metabolites - vitamin A and retinoic acid, is realized through specific nuclear receptors. Among retinoidnyh receptors include: receptors for steroid hormones, vitamin D3, thyroid hormones, certain prostaglandins, peroxisome proliferation factor. This list, to some extent be explained by some clinical signs observed in Vitamin A deficiency [10]. Vitamin A affects the proliferation and differentiation of cells. Its action is associated with the ability to increase the number of cell subpopulations that began DNA replication. An important feature is the ability to influence the functional state of cutaneous lymphoid tissue, which, according to Y. Afanasyev et al. [Cf. and 2], is involved in the regulation of immune reactivity of the organism as a whole. Shown that? -Carotene and manifests itself as a "true" immunostimulant that enhances the immune potential of the organism regardless of the type of antigens in primary and secondary pilot immunodeficiencies. We describe the dose-dependent antianafilakticheskoe effect when applied topically, antiallergic and anti-inflammatory - if inhaled. Mechanisms of pharmacological effect may be associated with antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in vitro on lymphocytes and inhibition of platelet functional activity [DB Uteshev, 1999]. It is suggested that for? -Carotene, along with immunotropic characteristic antiateroskleroticheskaya activity [Pogabalo AV, 2000]. ? -Carotene is not soluble in water, and its oil solutions have a very low concentration (less than 0,1%). Therefore, assimilation? -Carotene from the tablets and oil solutions essentially depends on the content of fat in the diet and condition of the digestive system. The most effective means to bridge the reserves? -Carotene in the body, including the market of antioxidant systems has long and is considered domestic product Vetoron (and its variant - Vetoron-E).
Products series Vetoron represent water microemulsions? -Carotene (the concentration of 2%), vitamin E and C. Water solubility provides a high degree of assimilation of active substances, and the synergy of antioxidant components - the effectiveness of the protection of cellular structures from the action of reactive oxygen species. Application Vetoron in the complex therapy, rehabilitation and prevention recommended in ophthalmology, dermatology, immunology. Despite the fact that Vetoron not apply to medicines, yet with this complex and diverse conducted clinical trials that convincingly proved the efficiency? -Carotene. Research Vetoron conducted in leading medical research centers (Research Center for Child Health Medical Sciences, Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, OSC them. Blokhin and others). During the ten years of trials and extensive use of the drug in the treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of adults and children were observed any evidence of side effects, adverse interactions with drugs and overdose. In particular, held at the Department of Pediatrics Academy of Postgraduate Education open clinical trial, tolerability and safety of the drug Vetoron if it is applied in 134 children aged 1 to 7 years in organized groups of toxic or any other adverse effects were noted [NA Korovin, et al., 2004]. Use? -Carotene in frequently sick children, along with a dose-dependent clinical effect leads to the immunomodulatory effect, which manifests itself, according to Plaksina VA (1998), in reducing the level of T-lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulin A in the stimulation of functional activity of phagocytic cells of peripheral blood. Polytrauma application? -Carotene and vitamin C allows 2 times reduce the need for antihistamines in children with atopic dermatitis. It warned increasing allergen and total immunoglobulin E, reduced nasal allergen, skin reactivity, observed optimization of lipid peroxidation [Danilicheva IV, 1997]. This thesis Verkovich NV (2000), along with the achievement against the background of the reception Vetoron infants balance in cellular immunity (even in severe forms of atopic dermatitis) tended to reduce the average duration of relapses, and with repeated courses Vetoron - significant decrease in the index SCORAD. Thus, the use Vetoron shown in various diseases and has anti-oxidant, anti-allergic and immuno-stimulating effect, without causing any toxic or other adverse reactions.
Literature
1. Abdulkerimova HZ The provision of vitamins and beta-carotene children with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and its correction, path. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. Science, 2000.
2. Verkovich NV Immunal and Vetoron in the treatment of children during the first three years of life in patients with atopic dermatitis. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. Science. M. 2000.
3. Danilicheva IV Comparative clinical characteristics of specific iimunologicheskaya iimunoterapii pollinosis water-salt allergens from timothy grass pollen in combination with beta-carotene and ascorbic acid. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. nauk.1997
4. Korovin, NA et al. Deficiency of vitamins and trace elements in children: Current approaches to correction. Hand-in for the pediatrician. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2004.
5. Martinchik AN, Baturin AK, N. Zohuri actual consumption of energy and basic food substances in children and adolescents Russia in the mid 90-s / / Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. - 1998. № 3.
6. Plaksin VA Effect of synthetic?-Carotene on the clinical and immunological parameters of sickly children. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. Sciences, Arkhangelsk, 1998.
7. Pogabalo AV, Immunotropic activity of natural carnitine-tokoferolovogo complex. Abstract. Dis. Cand. med. Science. M., 2000.
8. Spirichev VB Vitamin availability in the USSR and measures for its improvement. / Health and disease. - Moscow. - 1990. - S. 198-199.
9. Tutelian VA et al. Micronutrients in the diet of healthy and sick person. - M.: Kolos, 2002.
10. Uteshev DB The influence of beta-carotene in some parts of the immune inflammation in the experiment Dissertation. Dis. Doctor. med. Science. Kupavna, 1999.
11. European food and nutrition policies in action / / WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 73. - 1998. - 170 p.
12. Stewart M.L., McDonald J.L., Levy A.S. et al. Vitamin / mineral supplement use: a telephone survey of adults in the United States. Journal of Amer. Diet Association, 1985, 85: 1585-1590.
13. Underwood B.A. Vitamin A in human nutrition: public heals considerations. In Sporn M.B., Roberts A.B., Goodman D.S. (Eds). The retinoids: biology, chemistry, and medicine, 2nd ed, Raven Press, New York, 1994, pp 211-227.
Published with permission from Russian Medical Journal.
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